From 'kamikaze' to decoys: evolution of Russia’s drone warfare in Ukraine

Military and political observer Oleksandr Kovalenko expressed this opinion, Obozrevatel reports.

In 2024, Russian troops launched approximately 100,000 FPV drones at Ukraine, marking a record-high usage since the start of the invasion. While Ukraine initially led in innovative drone applications, Russia has quickly adapted, leveraging reconnaissance drones, kamikaze systems, and low-cost alternatives to gain an edge.

Key developments in Russian drone usage

1. Kamikaze and reconnaissance drones:

Russia began using kamikaze drones like the Iranian-made Shahed-136 early in the war. Though initially deployed in combat zones, their low effectiveness in heavily fortified areas led to their use in targeting rear positions. Alongside these, reconnaissance drones such as the Orlan-10 and ZALA have remained central to their operations since 2022.

2. Lancet evolution:

The Lancet loitering munition has undergone significant upgrades, with the Lancet-3 boasting extended range (up to 70 km) and improved payloads. Despite being marketed as cutting-edge, the Lancet’s high costs, reliance on imported components, and need for additional guidance drones have exposed production and operational limitations.

3. Mass production of cheaper drones:

Facing economic constraints, Russia has turned to mass-producing inexpensive drones and sourcing components from China. By late 2024, FPV drone usage reached record levels, with monthly deployments exceeding 13,000 units. These drones, including fiber-optic-guided models like the Prince Vandal of Novgorod, have enhanced resistance to electronic warfare.

4. Grass root solutions:

Russia has increasingly relied on rudimentary, cost-effective drones, such as the Molniya. Built from basic materials, these aircraft-style drones now feature improved flight ranges and the ability to carry anti-tank mines. Despite their simplicity, they have proven effective in frontline operations.

5. Decoy drones:

Since mid-2024, decoy drones like the Gerbera and Parody have been used to distract Ukrainian air defenses. These low-cost, foam-based devices mimic larger drones using makeshift radar reflectors, complicating rapid identification and defense efforts.

Takeaways for Ukraine

Russia’s focus on balancing cost reduction with improved functionality has allowed them to achieve significant advancements in drone technology and deployment. The absence of regulatory barriers and competitive restraints in their military-industrial complex has enabled rapid adaptation and innovation. While Ukraine remains a leader in creative drone applications, ignoring these developments risks ceding technological and operational advantages to the aggressor.